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The Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science (JSTS) is an international, peer-reviewed, and open-access journal that is published bimonthly.
- Scope: semiconductor processes, devices, circuits, and MEMS.
- Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Woo Young Choi (ECE, Seoul National University)
- Indexed within Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), SCOPUS, Korea Citation Index (KCI), and other databases.

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Title An Ultra-compact Fully Integrated Circulator in 28 nm CMOS IC Technology
Authors (Quang-Huy Do) ; (Tan-Binh Ngo) ; (Sang-Woong Yoon)
DOI https://doi.org/10.5573/JSTS.2025.25.2.184
Page pp.184-190
ISSN 1598-1657
Keywords Circulator IC; linear periodic time variation; non-reciprocal; staggered commutation network
Abstract We demonstrated a non-magnetic non-reciprocal circulator in CMOS integrated circuit (IC) technology using a four-path band-pass filter (BPF)-based staggered commutation network, which can break Lorentz reciprocity and replace a ferrite-based circulator used for decades in the history of wireless communication. The circulator IC was implemented in Samsung 28 nm RF CMOS process. The small-signal measurements among three ports showed the minimum insertion loss of 4.5-5.5 dB, and the maximum isolation of 35.7-44.8 dB in the frequency of 2.39-2.4 GHz. The measured maximum IP1dB and minimum noise-figure were 18.5 dBm and 5.8 dB, respectively. The circulator IC consumes 21.6 mW, and the size of the chip without pads is 0.93 mm2 .