| Title |
A 5.5 ppm/∘C, 4.5-nW Wide Temperature Range Sub-threshold CMOS Voltage Reference |
| Authors |
(Balaramamurty Sannidhi) ; (G. V. K. Sharma) |
| DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5573/JSTS.2026.26.4.265 |
| Keywords |
CMOS voltage reference; sub-threshold operation; line sensitivity; low temperature coefficient; ultralow-power; wide temperature range. |
| Abstract |
A novel complementary-to-absolute-temperature (CTAT) generator-based voltage reference circuit is proposed. The design features a resistor-less, ultra-low-power, sub-1 V MOSFET-only sub-threshold voltage reference compatible with digital CMOS processes, making it suitable for low-power and compact applications. The proposed circuit achieves a reference voltage of 0.581 V and utilizes highly linear proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) and CTAT generators to ensure a low temperature coefficient of 5.5 ppm/?C across a wide temperature range from ?50?C to 150?C. The circuit’s analytical behavior is modeled, and extensive post-layout analog simulations in a 0.18-μm CMOS process validate the design performance. It demonstrates excellent line sensitivity of 0.1%/V across a supply voltage range of 0.8 to 3 V and achieves a power supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of ?53 dB at 100 Hz. The circuit occupies an area of only 0.005315 mm2 and consumes 4.5 nW at 27?C. The compact and efficient design addresses the challenges of achieving stability, scalability, and low power in modern CMOS-based systems. |